snsj first aid

2003-11-29T23:01:00.000-08:00

msg to sec 1/2s.

heys all.
tmr's mini comp.
haha.
long awaited moment?
anws. do read up on ur FA k?
i've been going down for qt alotta trainings.
n frm wad ive seen, u guys need qt a bit of brushing up.
but lets juz say.
if u've remembered wad i've told u all during training.
im qt sure u'd do at least ok.
most impt's not to freak out.
juz remain cool n calm n u shld do fine.

pts to note:
1] DO NOT CROSS OVER CASUALTY.
2] REPORT TO UR LEADER WHATEVER U HAV DONE.
3] REMEMBA TO CALL FOR AMBULANCE.
4] TIE DA BANDAGES ON DA SIDE OF DA CASUALTY UR ON.
5] CHECK FOR PULSE, BREATHING N NECK DEFORMITY.
6] REASSURE CASUALTY.
7] DO NOT LEAVE CASUALTY ALONE.
8] KEEP UR COOL.

yeah. i tink dats abt all.
haha. those r juz da major mistakes u guys always make.

so all da best yeah?
do wad u deem fit during da case.
n dun freak!

any last min things juz call or msg me k?
haha. tho i dun guarantee da ans straight away.

love ya!

much love, eiz.

2003-11-15T23:25:00.000-08:00

msg to all.

heys all.
haha.
thanks for all da tags etc.
nice to noe dat ur at least visiting dis blog n dat its not redundant!

sec1s & 2s
below's da minute by minute procedures for an FA case.
its more or less accurate.
haha. tho if dere's any mistakes etc.
or anything u dun understand.
tell me k?
cos its a lil' hard to visualize da FA case juz lyk dat.
but hopefully its useful cos realized most of u dun really follow da actual format?
yeah.
n tell ur sqdmates abt dis site k?
its easier den printing out da stuffs for u guys!
plus i tink da sj treasury will go broke or smth.
hehe.

much love, eiz.

2003-11-15T23:20:00.000-08:00

minute by minute procedures for FA case.

leader:
1] members are you ready?
2] Members attention.
3] Members forward march.
4] Members right halt.
5] Members number off. One. [two, three, four judge.]
6] Members still.
// march out.
Good morning/afternoon judge. [hormat. Wait for judge to put hand down before you do.] NC __ with four members reporting for first aid competition judge. Any further instructions judge. [case will be read out. Or judge will ask you to watch the case.] Permission to proceed judge.
//march back.
7] Members fall out. [discuss before hand whether to fall out together in front or behind.]
Watch the case or discuss the case in a ‘U’ shape facing the case. And squat or kneel according to your numbers. Ensure that leader and assistant leader are ‘higher’ than members.
After one minute’s up. [judge will tell you.]
//members rise.
8] Members approach. [leader ‘runs’ in front. Members to ‘run’ behind. And have a sense of urgency please.]
9] Members halt. [leader puts out arms. Straight! Members to ‘skid’ to a halt.]
10] Judge checking for danger.
If YES.
11] No. 4. [describe way to clear danger.]
no.4:
1] Yes leader.
//clears danger and returns.
2] Leader I have cleared the danger.
leader:
Very good. [encouragement.]

After that carry on with sending no. 2 to find first aid kit.
If NO.
12] No. 2. find the first aid kit. [if it is not already in sight.]
no. 2:
1] Yes leader. [place first aid kit in a 'centralized' position.]
//finds FA kit and returns.
2] Leader I have found the first aid kit.
Very good. [encouragement.]
leader:
13] No. 2, follow me to this casualty. No. 3 and 4, go to that casualty. [gesture towards casualty you are talking about.] [who to approach whom usually discussed during the one minute discussion. Leaders usually take case without need for CPR.] [if there is only 1 casualty, leader and no. 3 to approach casualty. no. 2 to find out address and call ambulance, no. 4 to control crowd.]
14] Members approach.
members:
Yes leader.

[if there is crowd, no. 4 to control. No. 2 to assist if there is more then one crowd.]

Upon approach.
Leader:
1a] mam. Are you ok? Can you hear me? do you feel pain anywhere?
[response from conscious casualty.] [examine sites casualty feels pain at and treat it first.]
1b] if you can hear me please move your fingers. [hold casualty’s hand. Do not move it from its place.] [for unconscious casualty.]

no.2/4 to remove objects from casualty’s pockets and loosen clothes. [tell casualty what you are doing especially if casualty is conscious.]

leader:
2] judge scanning for major bleeding.

If YES.
Treat it first.

If NO.
1] Commence head to toe survey.
2] Check neck for deformity.
3] Check for breathing first [using head tilt chin lift method] then pulse. Give 2 blows if there is no breathing.

If there is still no breathing.
1] Judge commencing artificial ventilation [aka rescue breathing.]
2] blow, 3 a thousand, 4 a thousand, 5 a thousand [one time]
3] do 12 times. [dat means. should be 12 times per minute. and that is counted as one cycle.]
4] check for breathing. [then turn casualty to recovery position if there is no other injuries etc.]

If there is no breathing and no pulse.
1] tell judge, 'Judge commencing CPR.' [steps 2 to 12 to be skipped cos its already been done above.]
2] tap or gently shake victim's shoulder.
3] shout 'hello, hello, are you ok?' [put ear near to casualty. wait for response.]
4] if no response, call out 'help!'
5] call ambulance at 995. turn casualty if necessary.
6] use head tilt chin lift method to open airway. [say: 'judge, i use the head tilt chin lift method to open the airway.']
7] maintain open airway.
8] place ear near mouth, observing chest. [say: judge, checking for breathing. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. judge, is there any breathing?]
9] look, listen, feel for breathing.
10] if no breathing. seal mouth and pinch nose properly.
11] give 2 quick blows.
12] check for carotid pulse at side of casualty nearest to you. [5 - 10 secs] [say: judge, checking for pulse. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. judge is there any pulse?]
13] maintain head tilt with the other hand.
14] rescuer kneels by casualty's shoulders and begins CPR.
15] do 4 cycles of CPR with 2 breaths to every 15 compressions.
16] after 4 cycles, check for carotid pulse.
17] if pulse presesnt, check breathing.
18] if pulse absent, continue CPR with 15 compressions to every 2 breaths and check pulse every 5 minutes.
19] if breathing present, place causalty in recovery position.
20] if breathing absent, start aftificial ventilation. [1 breath every 5 seconds.] [refer above.]

* if judge says casualty coughs in the middle of CPR. means that casualty has 'woken'. check for pulse rate n breathing rate to determine if there is shock etc. and continue with head to toe survey etc.]

If there is both breathing and pulse.
1] Continue with head to toe survey.
Leader to check from head to stomach.
No. 2/4 to check from pelvis onwards. Arms as well.
[be flexible during head to toe survey. If leader is faster in checking, you can check the arms as well.]
1a] neck for deformity.
1b] head for swelling, deformity, depression, bleeding.
1c] ears for blood, fluid.
1d] eyes for pupil dilation, pupil's reaction to light.
1e] nose bridge for deformity.
1f] nose for blood, fluid.
1g] mouth for soot, fluid, cyanosis.
1h] facial structure for deformity.
1i] skin condition to see if its hot and flushed or cold and clammy.
1j] collarbone for deformity.
1k] shoulder blade for deformity.
1l] rib cage for deformity.
1m] spine for deformity at the same time listening for paradoxical breathing.
1n] abdomen for protruding intestine, bleeding.
1o] pelvis for deformity, wetness, bleeding, swelling.
1p] leg for deformity, bleeding, swelling, tenderness.
1q] ankle to see if it can rotate freely.
1r] toe for capillary refill.
1s] arm for deformity, redness, swelling, tenderness.
1t] elbow to see if it can bend freely.
1u] wrist to see if it can rotate freely.
1v] palm for deformity.
1w] fingers for deformity, capillary refill.

2] as you check and come across any injury, treat it immediately.
3] All to report to leader how injury was treated and what injury and where.
4] No. 2/4 to fill in casualty report sheet. As detailed as possible.
5] Ask for address from conscious casualty as early in the case as possible. And call for ambulance immediately after that.

* note that leaders CANNOT do CPR.

calling for ambulance service[to be done by no. 2. however if CPR is being performed, calling to be done by no. 4]

1] Judge dialling 995 for ambulance service.
2] Hello is this the ambulance service?
3] im a qualified first aider from st john’s ambulance brigade.
4] There’s been an accident at _______. [address]
5] There are ____ [number of] casualties.
[state if any unconscious.]
[state of CPR is or has been done. And how many cycles.]
[should there be CPR needed during the case. Request for defibrillator.]
6] please repeat the address.
7] Please send an ambulance as soon as possible.
8] Judge I’ll wait for the person to hang up before I do.

Report to leader once done with calling ambulance.

- No. 4 to report treatments and injury to no. 3.
- No. 2 and 3 to report all treatments and injury to leader.
- Hand casualty report sheet to leader once it is all filled up.

Leader to diagnose case. [try to stay within a minute.]
1] Judge im ready to diagnose the case.
2] Upon approaching the scene at _____ [address]. My members and I saw [no. of] casualties [lying on the floor/sitting on the chair].
3] Before we approached the case I scanned the area for danger and as there was danger/no danger. [there is danger: I sent my no. 4 to [state what she does.]].
4] Meanwhile I sent my no. 2 to find the first aid kit.
5] My no. 2 and I approached this casualty while my no. 3 and 4 approached that casualty. [gesture towards casualty.]
6][if there is one casualty] my no. 3 and I approached this casualty while my no. 4 controlled the crowd and my no. 2 called for the ambulance service.
7] When my no. 2 and i approached the casualty. She was conscious/unconscious. I checked the neck for deformity. And as there was deformity. I suspected [injury]. As there was no deformity. I did a head-tilt-chin-lift and checked for pulse and breathing rate. There was a fast/slow breathing/pulse rate. I suspected [injury] as there was also [other signs and symptoms]. I continued with the head to toe survey and found that there was [sign and symptom] at the casualty’s [area of injury]. As there was also [other signs and symptoms]. I suspected [injury].
[do the same for no. 3’s casualty.]
[if CPR has been done. Report on the number of cycles done as well as the CPR steps.]
[my no. 4 got the address from the crowd.] [if there is hysteria etc in the crowd. Mention treatment.]
8] My no. 2 called for the ambulance. And requested for a defibrillator to be sent along. [if CPR has been done.]
9] While waiting for the ambulance. My members and I constantly fan and reassure the casualties [gesture towards members fanning and reassuring casualties.] as well as check for their vital signs.
10] Judge has the ambulance arrived?

judge
Yes.

leader
11] In which direction?
[send no. 4 to flag ambulance.]
12] no. 4. go and flag the ambulance. [gesture in direction ambulance is coming from.]

no. 4
yes leader.
[no. 4 to use bandage to flag ambulance. say: 'ambulance. The casualties are here.’]

leader
13] judge do you need help in the disposal of casualties?

points to note
1] do not cross over casualty.
2] do not leave casualty alone.
3] do not stand on same side as person doing CPR if both are treating casualty requiring CPR.
4] place casualty in recovery position if required.
5] collect casualty’s belongings.
6] reassure casualty.
7] ask for casualty’s name.
8] identify type of bleeding. [veinous etc.]
9] do not discuss casualty’s condition over casualty.
10] if unsure of treatment, tell partner to take over subtly. do not discuss treatment over casualty.
11] be confident.
12] do not leave bandages lying around on the floor.
13] be mindful if casualty is out in the open. [eg. Is sunlight getting into her eyes?]
14] ensure casualty is comfortable.
15] leader cannot perform CPR.
16] report number of cycles of CPR performed on casualty.
17] check vital signs and level of consciousness of casualty from time to time.
18] if both casualties are unable to give address, ask judge if there are any road signs around.
19] call 999 for police and ask them to call for ambulance if there has been a gang fight etc.
20] make use of objects located in the area to assist your treatment. [eg. Broomstick to immobilize fractures.]

2003-11-14T01:31:00.000-08:00

msg to sec 1s & 2s.

heys all.
any questions abt FA etc juz shoot k?
im seriously concerned abt ur BFA test, internal FA test n esp da mini comp!
haha. dun giv me heart attacks on dat day.
i expect more frm u guys den frm wad ive seen during trainings so far.
sorry if i sound harsh.
but u all really need to buck up for FA.
read ur FA manual!
n really really really.
feel free to ask me anything!
i noe my FA isnt really up to standard too.
but im willing to check it out for u.
juz ASK!
email, msg, online, face to face.. anything!
haha. now i sound damn despo.
but yeah.
really wan all of u to pass ur FA tests n mini comp.

[pris]
for artificial ventilation aka rescue breathing.
its 12 ventilations [blows] per min.
dat means.
blow, 3 a thousand, 4 a thousand, 5 a thousand.

much love, eiz.

2003-11-14T01:05:00.000-08:00

CPR & choking.

check out dis site regarding CPR n choking.

2003-11-14T00:56:00.000-08:00

general treatment of unconsciousness.

1] remove casualty from the cause or place.
2] ensure plenty of fresh air and control the crowd.
3] ensure no obstruction to air passages. if breathing is stopped, immediately commence artificial respiration.
4] if breathing without phlegm, lay the casualty with face upwards position. if breathing with phlegm, place the casualty in the recovery postion with head slightly lower than the feet, so that any saliva or blood will flow out naturally without blocking the windpipe.
5] remove dentures, clean the mouth of mucus and foreign matter.
6] loosen clothing around the neck, chest and waist.
7] cover casualty with a blanket to keep him warm.
8] search for and control any serious bleeding.
9] do not give any drink to the unconscious casualty.
10] if consciousness returns, moisten his lips with water.
11] send him to hospital.

causes of unconsciousness.
1] shock
2] asphyxia
3] poisoning
4] head injury
5] heavy injury to the body
6] stroke
7] epileptic fit
8] infantile convulsions
9] high fever and fainting
10] hysterical fits
11] diabetes
12] acute heart attack

2003-11-14T00:47:00.000-08:00

physiology of respiration.

the respiratory system
when we breathe, air is drawn in by the nose or mouth, down a main airway, the windpipe, and into the lungs, where an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is made.
NOSE --> AIRWAY [WINDPIPE] --> LUNGS

normal breathing rate
adults - 12 - 15 per min
teens - 16 - 18 per min
children - 16 - 20 per min

normal pulse rate
adults - 60 - 80 per min
teens - 80 - 100 per min
new born infants - 120 - 140 per min

breathing and pulse rate increase during exercise, stress, illness, injury, decrease during sleep, rest, fatigue.

2003-11-14T00:35:00.000-08:00

introduction to basic first aid.

reasons for studying first aid
- to sustain life.
- to prevent condition from worsening.
- to promote recovery.
- to reassure and comfort casualty.

responsibilities of a first aider
- access the situation without endangering your own life and summon appropriate help.
- give immediate, appropriate treatment, bearing in mind the casualty may have more than one injury and some casualties may require more urgent attention than others.
- arrange without delay for hospital.
- to make and pass on a report, and give further help if required.

differences between symptoms and signs
symptoms - these are sensations experienced by the casualty and obtained by asking tactful questions.
eg. pain, thirst, weakness, apprehension, heat, cold etc.

signs - these are noted by the first aider, using his or her own senses; look, listen, feel, smell, touch.
eg. sweating, groaning, swelling, gas or fumes etc.